The planned return of astronauts to the Moon in 2027 with Artemis III will mark a new era of lunar exploration, being the first landing crew since Apollo 17 more than 50 years ago. The Apollo missions provided the foundation for our current understanding of the Moon, yielding invaluable scientific insights. In fact, Apollo samples are still being studied today, advancing our understanding of the Moon and the solar system. Yet, the Standard Model for lunar formation and evolution faces several problems and many questions remain unanswered.
Sample-return missions, especially those involving astronauts, are among the most costly undertakings in space science, but are also by far the most valuable. The direct collection and return of planetary material by humans, especially astronaut geologists, enables more efficiency, flexibility, and productivity than robotic missions alone can provide.
During the Hypatia II simulated Martian mission at the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) in February 2025, the Crew Geologist, Dr. Marina Martínez, tested the use of two X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instruments provided by EVIDENT Industrial and SPECTRO Analytical Instruments; the VANTA Max and the Spectroscout, respectively. This generous contribution enabled the team to conduct a comprehensive study evaluating various aspects of sample-return missions, from logistical challenges to scientific results. For example, they (i) assessed the practicality of operating a portable XRF during extravehicular activities (EVAs), (ii) determined how long a crew member can use such equipment before experiencing discomfort, and (iii) compared the effectiveness of performing chemical analyses directly during EVAs versus blind collection in the field plus later examination at the station using both instruments. These operational choices have direct implications on the mission timeline and its scientific objectives. In addition, the use of the VANTA Max permitted the identification of a Sr-rich sulfate (32.5 wt% Sr) for the first time at the MDRS geological area.
The insights and data gathered during the Hypatia II mission will offer valuable guidance for the planning and execution of future lunar and martian sample-return missions. As scientists, we are privileged to participate in this key moment joining the next generation of lunar explorers who build upon the legacy of Apollo, and who seek to answer questions that have persisted for decades.